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Bruce K. Alexander
Bruce K. Alexander (born 20 December 1939)〔Alexander, Bruce. ("Curriculum Vitae " ), Retrieved on 12 May 2013.〕 is a psychologist and professor emeritus from Vancouver, BC, Canada.〔 He has taught and conducted research on the psychology of addiction at Simon Fraser University since 1970.〔http://www.psyc.sfu.ca/people/index.php?topic=finf&id=74〕 He retired from active teaching in 2005. Alexander and SFU colleagues conducted a series of experiments into drug addiction known as the Rat Park experiments. He has written two books: ''Peaceful Measures: Canada’s Way Out of the War on Drugs'' (1990)〔Alexander, B.K. (1990) Peaceful Measures: Canada’s Way Out of the War on Drugs. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6753-0〕 and ''The Globalization of Addiction: A Study in Poverty of the Spirit'' (2008).〔Alexander, B.K. (2008). The Globalization of Addiction: A study in poverty of the spirit. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-958871-6〕
== Rat Park ==
The Rat Park experiments, published in psychopharmacology journals in the late 1970s and early 1980s, flatly contradicted the dominant view of addiction in their day. They quickly disappeared from view, having evoked only negative responses in the mainstream press and journals. Lauren Slater’s controversial psychology book, ''Opening Skinner’s Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century''〔Slater, L. (2005). Opening Skinner’s Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. ISBN 0-393-32655-1〕 helped to bring them back to public attention in 2005. These experiments are now widely known and cited.
The Rat Park experiments were among the first to show the error in the once dominant myth that certain drugs, particularly the opiates, convert all or most users into drug addicts. In the 1970s, this myth was said to be demonstrated by the high consumption of opiates and stimulants of rats isolated in specially modified Skinner Boxes that allowed drug self-administration. Alexander and his colleagues demonstrated experimentally that rats isolated in cages of about the same size as Skinner Boxes consume far more morphine than rats that are socially housed in Rat Park.〔Alexander, B.K., Beyerstein, B.L., Hadaway, P.F. & Coambs, R.B. (1981). The effects of early and later colony housing on oral ingestion of morphine in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, & Behavior, 15, 571-576.〕 Subsequent research has confirmed that social housing reduces drug intake in rats〔Bozarth, M.A., Murray, A., and Wise, R.A. (1989).Influence of housing conditions on the acquisition of intravenous heroin and cocaine self-administration in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 33, 903-907〕 and that the dominant myth was wrong both for rats and for human beings.〔Ahmed, S.H. Validation Crisis in Animal Models of Drug Addiction: Beyond Non-disordered Drug Use toward Drug Addiction, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 2010, 172–184; Shewan, D., & Dalgarno, P. (2005). Low levels of negative health and social outcomes among non-treatment heroin users in Glasgow (Scotland): Evidence for controlled heroin use? British Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 33-48.〕 Nonetheless, the myth is still embedded in popular culture.
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